@inproceedings{leeCyberPhysicalSystems2008,
  title = {Cyber {{Physical Systems}}: {{Design Challenges}}},
  shorttitle = {Cyber {{Physical Systems}}},
  booktitle = {2008 11th {{IEEE International Symposium}} on {{Object}} and {{Component-Oriented Real-Time Distributed Computing}} ({{ISORC}})},
  author = {Lee, Edward A.},
  year = {2008},
  month = may,
  pages = {363--369},
  publisher = {IEEE},
  address = {Orlando, FL, USA},
  doi = {10.1109/ISORC.2008.25},
  urldate = {2025-09-17},
  abstract = {Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are integrations of computation and physical processes. Embedded computers and networks monitor and control the physical processes, usually with feedback loops where physical processes affect computations and vice versa. The economic and societal potential of such systems is vastly greater than what has been realized, and major investments are being made worldwide to develop the technology. There are considerable challenges, particularly because the physical components of such systems introduce safety and reliability requirements qualitatively different from those in generalpurpose computing. Moreover, physical components are qualitatively different from object-oriented software components. Standard abstractions based on method calls and threads do not work. This paper examines the challenges in designing such systems, and in particular raises the question of whether today's computing and networking technologies provide an adequate foundation for CPS. It concludes that it will not be sufficient to improve design processes, raise the level of abstraction, or verify (formally or otherwise) designs that are built on today's abstractions. To realize the full potential of CPS, we will have to rebuild computing and networking abstractions. These abstractions will have to embrace physical dynamics and computation in a unified way.},
  isbn = {978-0-7695-3132-8},
  langid = {english},
}

@article{inderwildiImpactIntelligentCyberphysical2020,
  title = {The Impact of Intelligent Cyber-Physical Systems on the Decarbonization of Energy},
  author = {Inderwildi, Oliver and Zhang, Chuan and Wang, Xiaonan and Kraft, Markus},
  year = 2020,
  journal = {Energy \& Environmental Science},
  volume = {13},
  number = {3},
  pages = {744--771},
  issn = {1754-5692, 1754-5706},
  doi = {10.1039/C9EE01919G},
  urldate = {2025-10-19},
  abstract = {Assessing the impact of digital technologies and artificial intelligence, so-called intelligent cyber-physical systems, on emission reduction in the critical sector of energy provision.           ,                             The decarbonisation of energy provision is key to managing global greenhouse gas emissions and hence mitigating climate change. Digital technologies such as big data, machine learning, and the Internet of Things are receiving more and more attention as they can aid the decarbonisation process while requiring limited investments. The orchestration of these novel technologies, so-called cyber-physical systems (CPS), provides further, synergetic effects that increase efficiency of energy provision and industrial production, thereby optimising economic feasibility and environmental impact. This comprehensive review article assesses the current as well as the potential impact of digital technologies within CPS on the decarbonisation of energy systems.               Ad hoc               calculation for selected applications of CPS and its subsystems estimates not only the economic impact but also the emission reduction potential. This assessment clearly shows that digitalisation of energy systems using CPS completely alters the marginal abatement cost curve (MACC) and creates novel pathways for the transition to a low-carbon energy system. Moreover, the assessment concludes that when CPS are combined with artificial intelligence (AI), decarbonisation could potentially progress at an unforeseeable pace while introducing unpredictable and potentially existential risks. Therefore, the impact of intelligent CPS on systemic resilience and energy security is discussed and policy recommendations are deducted. The assessment shows that the potential benefits clearly outweigh the latent risks as long as these are managed by policy makers.},
  langid = {english},
}

@techreport{ibmArchitecturalBlueprintAutonomic2006,
  title = {{An Architectural Blueprint for Autonomic Computing}},
  author = {{IBM}},
  year = {2006},
  month = jun,
  urldate = {2025-01-21},
  langid = {english},
}

@article{kephartVisionAutonomicComputing2003,
  title = {The Vision of Autonomic Computing},
  author = {Kephart, J.O. and Chess, D.M.},
  year = 2003,
  month = jan,
  journal = {Computer},
  volume = {36},
  number = {1},
  pages = {41--50},
  issn = {0018-9162},
  doi = {10.1109/MC.2003.1160055},
  urldate = {2024-12-05},
  copyright = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplorehelp/downloads/license-information/IEEE.html},
  langid = {english},
}
